Roger L. Brockenbrough - Structural steel designer's handbook

STRUCTURAL
STEEL DESIGNER'S HANDBOOK
Roger L. Brockenbrough Editor
R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Frederick S. Merritt Editor
Late Consulting Engineer, West Palm Beach, Florida
Third Edition
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Structural steel designer's handbook / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S. Merritt, editor.—3rd ed.
p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-008782-2
1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Steel, Structural. I. Brockenbrough, R. L. II. Merritt, Frederick S. TA684.S79 1994
624.Г821—dc20 93-38088
CIP
Copyright © 1999, 1994, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1234567890 DOC/DOC 99876543 ISBN 0-07-008782-2
The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S. Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation.
Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Other McGraw-Hill Book Edited by Roger L. Brockenbrough
Brockenbrough & Boedecker • highway engineering handbook
Other McGraw-Hill Books Edited by Frederick S. Merritt
Merritt • STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Merritt & Ricketts • building design and construction handbook
Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
Beall • masonry design and detailing Breyer • design of wood structures
BrOWn • FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND REPAIR
Faherty & Williamson • wood engineering and construction handbook Gaylord & Gaylord • structural engineering handbook
Harris • NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS
Kubal • WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
Newman • standard handbook of structural details for building construction
Sharp • BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURES
Waddell & Dobrowolski • concrete construction handbook
CONTRIBUTORS
Boring, Delbert F, RE. Senior Director, Construction Market, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D. С (section б building design criteria)
Brockenbrough, Roger L., RE. R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (SECTION 1 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION; SECTION 10 COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN)
Cuoco, Daniel A., RE. Principal, LZA Technology/Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York (section 8 floor and roof systems)
Cundiff, Harry В., RE. HBC Consulting Service Corp., Atlanta, Georgia (section 11 design
CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES)
Geschwindner, Louis F, RE. Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (section 4 analysis of special structures)
Haris, AM A. K., RE. President, Haris Enggineering, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas (section
7 DESIGN OF BUILDING MEMBERS)
Hedgren, Arthur W. Jr., RE. Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (section 14 arch bridges)
Hedefine, Alfred, RE. Former President, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., New York, New York (section 12 beam and girder bridges)
Kane, Т., RE. Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (section 5 connections)
Kulicki, John M., RE. President and Chief Engineer, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harris-burg, Pennsylvania (section 13 truss bridges)
LaBoube, R. A., RE. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri (section б building design criteria)
LeRoy, David H., RE. Vice President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (section 13 truss bridges)
Mertz, Dennis, RE. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware (section 11 design criteria for bridges)
Nickerson, Robert L, RE. Consultant-NBE, Ltd., Hempstead, Maryland (section 11 design
CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES)
Podolny, Walter, Jr., RE. Senior Structural Engineer Bridge Division, Office of Bridge Technology, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D. С (SECTION 15 CABLE-SUSPENDED BRIDGES)
Prickett, Joseph E., RE. Senior Associate, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (section 13 truss bridges)
CONTRIBUTORS
Roeder, Charles W., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (section 9 lateral-force design)
Schflaly, Thomas, Director, Fabricating & Standards, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (section 2 fabrication and erection)
Sen, Mahir, P.E. Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
(SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES)
Swindlehurst, John, P.E. Former Senior Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., West Trenton, New Jersey (section 12 beam and girder bridges)
Thornton, William A., P.E. Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (section 5 connections)
Ziemian, Ronald D., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lew-isburg, Pennsylvania (section 3 general structural theory)
FACTORS FOR CONVERSION TO
SI UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
QUANTITY TO CONVERT FROM CUSTOMARY U.S. UNIT TO METRIC UNIT MULTIPLY BY
Length inch foot mm mm 25.4 304.8
Mass lb kg 0.45359
Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16
Mass/unit area psf kg/m2 4.882 43
Mass density pcf kg/m3 16.018 5
Force pound kip kip N N kN 4.448 22 4448.22 4.448 22
Force/unit length klf klf N/mm kN/m 14.593 9 14.593 9
Stress ksi psi MPa kPa 6.894 76 6.894 76
Bending Moment foot-kips foot-kips N-mm kN-m 1 355 817 1.355 817
Moment of inertia in4 mm4 416 231
Section modulus in3 mm3 16 387.064
CONTENTS
Contributors xv Preface xvii
Section 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steel making and Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, RE. 1.1
1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1
1.2. Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6
1.3. Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8
1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10
1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.6. Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.7. Tensile Properties / 1.14
1.8. Properties in Shear / 1.16
1.9. Hardness Tests / 1.17
1.10. Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18
1.11. Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19
1.12. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20
1.13. Fatigue / 1.22
1.14. Brittle Fracture / 1.23
1.15. Residual Stresses / 1.26
1.16. Lamellar Tearing / 1.28
1.17. Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28
1.18. k-Area Cracking / 1.29
1.19. Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29
1.20. Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30
1.21. Effects of Grain Size / 1.32
1.22. Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32
1.23. Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33
1.24. Steelmaking Methods / 1.35
1.25. Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36
1.26. Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39
1.27. Effects of Welding / 1.39
1.28. Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40
Section 2. Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schflaly 2.1
2.1. Shop Detail Drawings I 2.1
2.2. Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3
2.3. Punching and Drilling / 2.4
2.4. CNC Machines / 2.4
CONTENTS
2.5. Bolting / 2.5
2.6. Welding / 2.5
2.7. Camber / 2.8
2.8. Shop Preassembly / 2.9
2.9. Rolled Sections / 2.11
2.10. Built-Up Sections / 2.12
2.11. Cleaning and Painting I 2.15
2.12. Fabrication Tolerances / 2.16
2.13. Erection Equipment I 2.17
2.14. Erection Methods for Buildings / 2.20
2.15. Erection Procedure for Bridges / 2.23
2.16. Field Tolerances / 2.25
2.17. Safety Concerns / 2.27
Section 3. General Structural Theory Ronald D. Ziemian, Ph.D. 3.1
3.1. Fundamentals of Structural Theory / 3.1
Structural Mechanics—Statics
3.2. Principles of Forces / 3.2
3.3. Moments of Forces / 3.5
3.4. Equations of Equilibrium I 3.6
3.5. Frictional Forces / 3.8
Structural Mechanics—Dynamics
3.6. Kinematics / 3.10
3.7. Kinetics / 3.11
Mechanics of Materials
3.8. Stress-Strain Diagrams / 3.13
3.9. Components of Stress and Strain / 3.14
3.10. Stress-Strain Relationships / 3.17
3.11. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress / 3.18
3.12. ...